Category Archives: Prediction Markets

Prediction Markets Update (September 19, 2008)

The 2008.PRES.OBAMA Intrade contract now trades at 51.5, whereas the 2008.PRES.McCAIN Intrade contract is currently trading at 47.8 (compared with 51.7 and 47.7 respectively as reported on yesterday’s update).

Although the overall contract prices didn’t move very much, the state-by-state contracts imply that Mr. Obama currently holds a 273-227 “lead” over Mr. McCain (based upon my cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes). Since yesterday, Colorado (9 Electoral College votes) has moved into Obama’s column, whereas Virginia (13 Electoral College votes) has re-entered “swing” state status, joining Nevada (5 Electoral College votes) and Ohio (20 Electoral College votes) as the “swing” states du jour.

Addendum: September 19, 2008 Electoral College Vote allocation

Barack Obama (273): California (55), Colorado (9), Connecticut (7), Delaware (3), District of Columbia (3), Hawaii (4), Illinois (21), Iowa (7), Maine (4), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (12), Michigan (17), Minnesota (10), New Hampshire (4), New Jersey (15), New Mexico (5), New York (31), Oregon (7), Pennsylvania (21), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (3), Washington (11), and Wisconsin (10)

John McCain (227): Alabama (9), Alaska (3), Arizona (10), Arkansas (6), Florida (27), Georgia (15), Idaho (4), Indiana (11), Kansas (6), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (9), Mississippi (6), Missouri (11), Montana (3), Nebraska (5), North Carolina (15), North Dakota (3), Oklahoma (7), South Carolina (8), South Dakota (3), Tennessee (11), Texas (34), Utah (5), West Virginia (5), and Wyoming (3)

Prediction Markets Update (September 18, 2008)

Although Nate Silver’s PECOTA model (see FiveThirtyEight) continues to show a 288 to 250 Electoral College advantage for John McCain over Barack Obama, the “trend” begun yesterday continues today; i.e., 2008.PRES.OBAMA is rallying while 2008.PRES.McCAIN is selling off. Specifically, the 2008.PRES.OBAMA Intrade contract now trades at 51.7, whereas the 2008.PRES.McCAIN Intrade contract is currently trading at 47.7 (compared with 50.7 and 48.6 respectively as reported on yesterday’s update). The pundits claim that that the slippage is due to McCain’s comments earlier this week to the effect that he believed that the “…fundamentals of the economy are strong”; with financial markets volatility particularly high this week, Mr. Obama apparently turned these comments into a marginal political advantage.

Looking at the state-by-state contracts, it appears (based upon my cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes) that Mr. Obama currently holds a 264-240 lead over Mr. McCain. Since yesterday, Ohio (20 Electoral College votes) has moved into the “swing” state category, whereas Virginia (13 Electoral College votes) has moved back into McCain’s column. This leaves Nevada (5 Electoral College votes), Colorado (9 Electoral College votes), and Ohio (20 Electoral College votes) as the “swing” states du jour.

Addendum: September 18, 2008 Electoral College Vote allocation

Barack Obama (264): California (55), Connecticut (7), Delaware (3), District of Columbia (3), Hawaii (4), Illinois (21), Iowa (7), Maine (4), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (12), Michigan (17), Minnesota (10), New Hampshire (4), New Jersey (15), New Mexico (5), New York (31), Oregon (7), Pennsylvania (21), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (3), Washington (11), and Wisconsin (10)

John McCain (240): Alabama (9), Alaska (3), Arizona (10), Arkansas (6), Florida (27), Georgia (15), Idaho (4), Indiana (11), Kansas (6), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (9), Mississippi (6), Missouri (11), Montana (3), Nebraska (5), North Carolina (15), North Dakota (3), Oklahoma (7), South Carolina (8), South Dakota (3), Tennessee (11), Texas (34), Utah (5), Virginia (13), West Virginia (5), and Wyoming (3)

Prediction Markets Update (September 17, 2008)

Although Nate Silver’s PECOTA model (see FiveThirtyEight) continues to indicate a 288 to 250 Electoral College advantage for John McCain over Barack Obama, today there has been a shift in the prediction markets data which now appear to convey a marginal advantage to Mr. Obama. Specifically, the 2008.PRES.OBAMA Intrade contract has rallied 1.8 points and is now trading at 50.7, wheras the 2008.PRES.McCAIN Intrade contract has sold off 1.9 points and is currently trading at 48.6.

Looking at the state-by-state contracts, it appears (based upon my cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes) that Mr. Obama currently holds a 264-247 lead over Mr. McCain, with Nevada (5 Electoral College votes), Virginia (13 Electoral College votes), and Colorado (9 Electoral College votes) representing “swing” states. Based upon yesterday’s prices, Nevada and Virginia were being counted as McCain states, but both NEVADA.REP and VIRGINIA.REP have sold off enough that they now count as swing states.

The big change today is in the price of the NEVADA.DEM contract; it is currently trading for 58.3, compared with only 45 yesterday. Considering how poorly the U.S. stock market performed today, in retrospect I would have been smart to have shorted the US stock market and gone long in 2008.PRES.OBAMA yesterday, but of course hindsight is always superior to foresight! However, since NEVADA.REP is trading for 50, it is still premature (based upon the arbitrary algorithm that I have selected) to “award” Mr. Obama with Nevada’s 5 Electoral College votes (note: since the prices reported by Intrade are not necessarily synchronous, it is possible for the sum of the .DEM and .REP state contract prices to exceed (or be less than) 100 at any given point in time).

Addendum: September 17, 2008 Electoral College Vote allocation

Barack Obama (264): California (55), Connecticut (7), Delaware (3), District of Columbia (3), Hawaii (4), Illinois (21), Iowa (7), Maine (4), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (12), Michigan (17), Minnesota (10), New Hampshire (4), New Jersey (15), New Mexico (5), New York (31), Oregon (7), Pennsylvania (21), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (3), Washington (11), and Wisconsin (10)

John McCain (247): Alabama (9), Alaska (3), Arizona (10), Arkansas (6), Florida (27), Georgia (15), Idaho (4), Indiana (11), Kansas (6), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (9), Mississippi (6), Missouri (11), Montana (3), Nebraska (5), North Carolina (15), North Dakota (3), Ohio (20), Oklahoma (7), South Carolina (8), South Dakota (3), Tennessee (11), Texas (34), Utah (5), West Virginia (5), and Wyoming (3)

Prediction Markets Update (September 16, 2008)

Prediction markets continue to behave in a quite boring fashion. Once again, the changes in the 2008.PRES.McCAIN (down .2 at 51.5) and 2008.PRES.OBAMA (up .6 at 47.2) contract prices are rather marginal. It continues to appear, based upon my (somewhat arbitrary) cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes, that Mr. Obama and Mr. McCain are virtually tied (with 265 and 265 Electoral College votes respectively), with only Colorado (and its 9 Electoral College votes) “undecided”. However, New Hampshire is moving perilously close to re-entering the “undecided” category, since the last trade on NEWHAMPSHIRE.DEM was at 56.5 whereas the last trade on NEWHAMPSHIRE.REP was at 44.8

In keeping with my previous daily election blog entries, Nate Silver’s PECOTA model (see FiveThirtyEight) remains unchanged from yesterday, allocating 288 Electoral College votes to Mr. McCain and 250 electoral College votes to Mr. Obama.

Prediction Markets Update (September 15, 2008)

By comparison with real-world financial markets, prediction markets have lately grown quite boring. As was the case yesterday, the changes in the 2008.PRES.McCAIN Intrade contract (down .9 at 51.6) and 2008.PRES.OBAMA (up .4 at 47.2) Intrade contract are very marginal. There is also very little movement in the state-by-state contracts, so based upon my (somewhat arbitrary) cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes, it still appears that Mr. Obama and Mr. McCain are virtually tied (with 264 and 265 Electoral College votes respectively), with only Colorado (and its 9 Electoral College votes) “undecided”.

Similarly, Nate Silver’s PECOTA model (see FiveThirtyEight) shows little change from yesterday, allocating 280 (instead of 281) Electoral College votes to Mr. McCain and 259 (instead of 258) electoral College votes to Mr. Obama.

Prediction Markets Update (September 14, 2008)

Tonight, (at 8:10 p.m. Central time), the McCain Intrade contract (2008.PRES.McCAIN) is trading at 52.5, whereas the Obama Intrade contract (2008.PRES.OBAMA) is trading at 47.1; 2008.PRES.McCAIN is 1 point higher than it was the last time I posted a blog entry about the election (on Saturday, September 12), whereas 2008.PRES.OBAMA is .9 points lower.

Examining the state-by-state contracts, I find that by using a cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes, that this continues to “give” Barack Obama 264 Electoral College votes and John McCain 265 Electoral College votes. However, I couldn’t help but notice that many of the bid-ask-last price quotes and volume statistics for the various state-by-state contracts haven’t budged since Friday, so apparently there hasn’t been much investor interest in these contracts this weekend!

Turning our attention next to Nate Silver’s PECOTA model (see FiveThirtyEight), Mr. Silver’s model now has McCain winning the Electoral vote by a margin of 289 to 249.

Prediction Markets Update (September 12, 2008)

As of 4:40 p.m. Central time today, the McCain Intrade contract (2008.PRES.McCAIN) is trading at 51.5, which is 1 point up from yesterday’s close of 50.5, whereas the Obama Intrade contract (2008.PRES.OBAMA) is trading at 48, which is .4 points down from yesterday’s close of 48.4.

Examining the state-by-state contracts, I find that by using a cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes, that this currently gives Barack Obama 264 Electoral College votes and John McCain 265 Electoral College votes. Basically, the story today on a state-by-state is the same as it was yesterday; out of the 102 total contracts (Democratic and Republican) offered (for the 50 states and the District of Columbia), only the two Colorado contracts (COLORADO.DEM and COLORADO.REP) remain within my arbitrarily defined “swing state” price interval, since the last trades on these contracts were 52 and 48 respectively.

I like to compare the prediction market data with Nate Silver’s PECOTA model which is published on the FiveThirtyEight website. Today (for the first time), Mr. Silver’s model has McCain winning the Electoral vote by a margin of 277 to 261.

Addendum: September 12, 2008 Electoral College Vote allocation

John McCain (265): Alabama (9), Alaska (3), Arizona (10), Arkansas (6), Florida (27), Georgia (15), Idaho (4), Indiana (11), Kansas (6), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (9), Mississippi (6), Missouri (11), Montana (3), Nebraska (5), Nevada (5), North Carolina (15), North Dakota (3), Ohio (20), Oklahoma (7), South Carolina (8), South Dakota (3), Tennessee (11), Texas (34), Utah (5), Virginia (13), West Virginia (5), and Wyoming (3)

Barack Obama (264): California (55), Connecticut (7), Delaware (3), District of Columbia (3), Hawaii (4), Illinois (21), Iowa (7), Maine (4), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (12), Michigan (17), Minnesota (10), New Hampshire (4), New Jersey (15), New Mexico (5), New York (31), Oregon (7), Pennsylvania (21), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (3), Washington (11), and Wisconsin (10)

Prediction Markets Update (September 11, 2008)

As of 3:10 p.m. Central time today, the McCain Intrade contract (2008.PRES.McCAIN) is trading at 51.5, which is 1.7 points up from yesterday’s close of 49.8, whereas the Obama Intrade contract (2008.PRES.OBAMA) is trading at 47.7, which is 1.2 points up from yesterday’s close of 48.9.

Examining the state-by-state contracts, I find that by using a cutoff price point of 55 for allocating Electoral College votes, that this currently gives Barack Obama 264 Electoral College votes and John McCain 265 Electoral College votes. Since yesterday, the VIRGINIA.REP and NEVADA.REP have both rallied by roughly 5 points (to 60 and 59.9 respectively), while the NEWHAMPSHIRE.DEM has rallied 8 points to 65, so it would appear that Virginia and Nevada are moving more solidly to McCain’s advantage, whereas New Hampshire is moving even more in Obama’s direction. Out of the 102 total contracts (Democratic and Republican) offered (for the 50 states and the District of Columbia), only the two Colorado contracts (COLORADO.DEM and COLORADO.REP) remain within my arbitrarily defined “swing state” price interval, since the last trades on these contracts were 55 and 48 respectively. Other things equal, at this point it appears that Colorado is absolutely pivotal, since its 9 Electoral College votes could put either candidate over the 270 vote total required to win the presidential election.

Finally, for what it’s worth, Nate Silver over at FiveThirtyEight currently puts the Electoral Vote for Obama and McCain at 270 versus 268, which shows once again that a simple, cursory inspection of state-by-state prediction market prices produces a result which is qualitatively quite similar to the result obtained by Mr. Silver’s much more sophisticated PECOTA model.

Addendum: September 11, 2008 Electoral College Vote allocation

John McCain (265): Alabama (9), Alaska (3), Arizona (10), Arkansas (6), Florida (27), Georgia (15), Idaho (4), Indiana (11), Kansas (6), Kentucky (8), Louisiana (9), Mississippi (6), Missouri (11), Montana (3), Nebraska (5), Nevada (5), North Carolina (15), North Dakota (3), Ohio (20), Oklahoma (7), South Carolina (8), South Dakota (3), Tennessee (11), Texas (34), Utah (5), Virginia (13), West Virginia (5), and Wyoming (3)

Barack Obama (264): California (55), Connecticut (7), Delaware (3), District of Columbia (3), Hawaii (4), Illinois (21), Iowa (7), Maine (4), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (12), Michigan (17), Minnesota (10), New Hampshire (4), New Jersey (15), New Mexico (5), New York (31), Oregon (7), Pennsylvania (21), Rhode Island (4), Vermont (3), Washington (11), and Wisconsin (10)

Prediction Markets Update (September 10, 2008)

Today (for the first time in a long time), the McCain Intrade contract (2008.PRES.McCAIN) is essentially trading at parity with the Obama Intrade contract (2008.PRES.OBAMA); the last recorded prices for these contracts (at 5:12 p.m. Central time today) are 49.9 and 50 respectively. Yesterday, 2008.PRES.OBAMA closed at 52.4 and 2008.PRES.McCAIN closed at 47.4, and at the time the state-by-state contracts (see http://blog.garven.com/2008/09/09/forecast-of-the-2008-presidential-election-on-the-basis-of-state-by-state-prediction-market-contracts/) seemed to imply an electoral college advantage for Obama over McCain of 260-247, with Virginia (13 electoral college votes), Nevada (5 electoral college votes), Colorado (9 electoral college votes), and New Hampshire (4 electoral college votes) fitting into the “swing” state category by virtue of how close their prices were at the time.

Naturally, after seeing today’s price changes for 2008.PRES.McCAIN and 2008.PRES.OBAMA, I couldn’t help but wonder what might be going on with the .DEM and .REP versions of the Virginia, Nevada, Colorado, and New Hampshire state contracts. Today, VIRGINIA.REP and NEVADA.REP are more valuable than VIRGINIA.DEM and NEVADA.DEM respectively (55 and 55 versus 50 and 45 respectively), whereas COLORADO.DEM and NEWHAMPSHIRE.DEM are pricier than COLORADO.REP and NEWHAMPSHIRE.REP (52.2 and 57 versus 47.9 and 47 respectively (technical note: when added together, prices can exceed 100 because they are not necessarily synchronous)). If Virginia and Nevada went McCain’s way while Colorado and New Hampshire favored Obama, this would translate into a 273-265 win for Obama. Interestingly, this lines up very closely with today’s version of Nate Silver’s PECOTA model (see http://www.fivethirtyeight.com; as I understand it, the PECOTA model is not based upon prediction markets data and leans more toward some combination of state-by-state polling data, simulation, and econometrics), which currently predicts a 275-263 Obama victory.

There is a scenario in which the Electoral College ends up in a tie; this could happen if Virginia, Nevada, and New Hampshire went to McCain and Colorado went to Obama. If a tie occurs in the Electoral College, then the election is decided by the House of Representatives. Under this scenario, the most likely result would be an Obama presidency, since the Democratic Party currently controls the House of Representatives and the HOUSE.DEM.2008 contract (which pays 100 Intrade points in the event that the Democrats control the House of Representatives after 2008 Congressional Elections) currently indicates a 90 percent probability that this will continue to be the case after the general election on November 4.

Forecast of the 2008 presidential election on the basis of state-by-state prediction market contracts

A colleague pointed out to me today that Intrade hosts prediction market contracts on a state-by-state basis. These contracts have very simple names; e.g., TEXAS.DEM is a contract which will pay 100 Intrade points ($10) if the Obama/Biden ticket wins Texas and 0 otherwise, whereas TEXAS.REP is a contract which will pay 100 Intrade points ($10) if the McCain/Palin ticket wins Texas and 0 otherwise (FWIW, these contracts are currently quoted at 5 and 95 Intrade points respectively). This afternoon, I downloaded these data to a spreadsheet and sorted by price. Currently, the most valuable GOP contract is ALABAMA.REP, whereas the most valuable Democrat contract is ILLINOIS.DEM; in both cases, the last trades were at 98. The least valuable GOP contract is currently HAWAII.REP, which can be had for 2.30 Intrade points, whereas the least valuable Democrat contract is currently UTAH.DEM, which can be had for 2.5 Intrade points.

The next step in my analysis involved determining what an appropriate cutoff point might be for allocating Electoral College votes. I arbitrarily selected a price point of 55. Using this criterion, it would appear that the Obama/Biden is currently “winning” the following 21 states (I am including the electoral votes for each state in parentheses after its name): Illinois (21), Hawaii (4), Delaware (3), District Of Columbia (3), Vermont (3), New York (31), Maryland (10), Massachusetts (12), Maine (4), Rhode Island (4), Connecticut (7), California (55), Washington (11), New Jersey (15), Oregon (7), Minnesota (10), Wisconsin (10), Iowa (7), Pennsylvania (21), New Mexico (5), and Michigan (17). Applying the same criterion to the McCain/Palin ticket, I count the following 26 states: Alabama (9), Kentucky (8), Utah (5), Idaho (4), Alaska (3), Wyoming (3), Oklahoma (7), Nebraska (5), Arizona (10), Kansas (6), Louisiana (9), South Carolina (8), Texas (34), Arkansas (6), South Dakota (3), West Virginia (5), Mississippi (6), Tennessee (11), Georgia (15), North Carolina (15), North Dakota (3), Indiana (11), Missouri (11), Montana (3), Florida (27), and Ohio (20). If you add all the electoral college votes up, this analysis gives Obama/Biden a current electoral college total of 260, whereas McCain/Palin total 247 electoral college votes (270 votes are needed in order to win the election). The prediction markets also seem to indicate that the election is likely to be won or lost depending upon what happens in the following four battleground states (whose current prices are between 45 and 55 Intrade points): Virginia (13), Nevada (5), Colorado (9), and New Hampshire (4). If the 260-247 tally holds, Obama/Biden could win the election by also carrying Virginia or Nevada and Colorado, whereas McCain/Palin would need to pick up 3 of these 4 states.

Stay tuned; we live in interesting times!